Wednesday, July 31, 2019
Overview of the Social Costs of White-Collar Crime Essay
How much white collar crime actually exists in the society is determined by the organizational resources available to uncover, investigate, and prosecute it, and more generally, enforce what most experts already regard as inadequate laws aimed at its control. Increase rates of white-collar crime produced social costs that is rooted from individual professional employees which is later on promulgated to the rest of the organization and the society as a whole (Rosoff, Pontell, & Tillman 136-137). Social costs can be classified on either monetary or non-monetary level. Financial loss will surely impact those inside and outside the organization. In addition it can also be viewed that social costs of white collar crime may also be related with the economic costs (Rosoff, Pontell, & Tillman 95). It causes devastation to the entire community as compare to lone bank robbery victim. The impact last for many years since it is not only the money being stolen from the company but company services as well (Salinger 177). Victims are affected even for their entire life because they are deprived of their lifetime savings. Identity theft causes victims to be ridiculed by other people because they are misjudged for having criminal records and huge bank credit statements which they did not purchased. Thefts on the other hand commits something that violates not only the law but trust from other people as well. White collar crime damages social relationship. It loosens the morale of people and leads to ample disorganization (Salinger 190). A common white collar crime is tax evasion, which has a very specific effect: taxes are hiked for the poor, to cover for the costs that companies won’t cover. Increased economic hardship for the average citizen and consumer (Rosoff, Pontell, & Tillman 136-137). Crime increases the cost of doing business, and any such increase in business costs is ultimately passed on to the consumer through increased prices and decreased services. Social workers party are also formed as a sign of rebellion to unjust regulations within the company which results to more complex development in businesses (Rosoff, Pontell, & Tillman 252). Deliberately inadequate services and deficient products incur costs. Injury, illness, disability, and death with their attendant psychological suffering are all too common by-products of certain types of white collar crime. This service quality greatly affects the work efficiency of people since manpower is decreasing and may lead to worker’s death (Rosoff, Pontell, & Tillman 136-137). Totality of white collar crime results various social costs. Because workers are underpaid, has no/low insurance and are underprivileged, it has a domino effect that is passed on to other people until it consumes the whole society.
Tuesday, July 30, 2019
Political Efficacy Essay
FACT: No Black person has ever been elected as president of the                                    United States of America.                        FACT: In spite of Blacks’ considerable population in America, very                                    few Black Representatives are elected; if elected, they still                                    remain in low positions in the government.            These concepts remain to be unsolved puzzles that need deeper attention. These lead me to do a research regarding the present situation of Blacks in their political system and their way of thinking and behaving with regards to political matters that concerns them.            This paper focuses mainly on how the issue on political efficacy among Blacks largely affects the views of people around the world. The paper aims to answer the major question: What major factors affect trends and even inconsistency in political efficacy among Blacks?            Based on my research, there are six major causes on why Blacks have very low political efficacy compared to non-Blacks, namely: segregation, political cynicism, socio-economic status, and awareness of inequality.            These issues among Blacks concern us all. We can recall that Blacks have been a great part of world history and have major contributions on the world’s culture. The Blacks are the representation of almost all the other races in the world. My point is, in our world today, the mirror of reality shows us the two divisions of the world: the Whites, and the rest of the world. What is happening to the Blacks in almost all terms of their lives is happening to the ‘rest of the world’. Despite of their great number compared to Whites, the Whites still out-numbered them in terms of political, economical, educational, social, and all other rights. This research on political efficacy can fill or clear the gap primarily between the Whites and the Blacks. This paper will present the effects of the factors of political efficacy (segregation, socio-economic status, etc.) on the Blacks so that when there comes a time that the government will make policies, they know how these policies may affect the Blacks. The paper will also focus on the involvement and behavior of non-Blacks that might affect or is already affecting Blacks’ behavior and concerns in politics. LITERATURE REVIEW            Scholars even from the past have been interested in studying political behaviors of the Blacks. One of the primary reasons of their interest might be the paradox on the large population but low political efficacy among Blacks. â€Å"Sense of political efficacy, according to Campbell, is the feeling that individual political action does have, or can have an impact upon political process.†Political efficacy as a whole is about â€Å"the impact of the individual citizen: the citizen affects political and social processes through elections, lobbying and other way of influencing political actors who in turn are expected to be responsive to the citizens’ interests and implement policy through their work and decisions effectively.†(Schneider 2006, p.1) Scholars construct several theories regarding political efficacy and conduct vast number of researches such as interviews, surveys, and observations. They even consult differ ent books, magazines and journal publications about political efficacy.            Scholars present theories and go deeper to finding about the patterns, cause, behavioral conditions, internal and external factors that might be the key to explaining the issues on political efficacy among Blacks.            Ananat and Washington pointed that segregation has a negative impact on Black political efficacy. The more segregated the metro areas are, the less likely that its residents are represented in the United States House by an individual who is from the Democratic Party or who votes in accordance with the desires of Black residents on civil rights and other issues. â€Å"We do however find evidence that in more segregated areas, non-Blacks are more likely to hold negative views of Blacks and of the policies that aid Blacks†¦. As Blacks are a minority of the population, in all metro areas, this polarization could explain the finding that Black civic efficacy is decreasing in segregation.†(Ananat and Washington 2006, p.4)            Poverty and resultant environment of deprivation were the driving factors in low levels of political efficacy (Woodly p.2). Ananat and Washington also agree when they stated that lower income subgroups are less likely to vote. They even mention that Blacks in more segregated metropolitan areas are fare worse than their counterparts in less segregated areas on a variety of economic outcomes (2006 p.20 & 26).            According to Schley, R. Lyons, political cynicism is the belief that the government officials and authorities cannot be trusted. At all political levels of education, Black youth felt less politically efficacious and were more cynical than white youth. This has been remarkably constant across time and region.            Woodly argues that because of Blacks’ awareness of inequality, they are both less politically trusting and less politically efficacious. (Woodly p.27) The Clark tests found that Black children were more ambivalent about the racial identities than White and they identify themselves more closely with Whites. (Woodly p.11) This statement alone will show that Blacks tend to lose trust in the government on whether they will be given equal rights like the Whites as they give out their votes. These doubts will prove the unwillingness of the Blacks to vote. In this era of globalization, the media takes part in almost all the events that concerns the people’s view on everyday news and issues. Robinson (1976) argues that increase viewing of television programs increases the frustration with the political system and cynicism. Similarly, media use might also reduce the feeling of control held by the political institutions over the world. (Schneider 2006 p. 3)            From all these sources that I have gathered, I have observed one inconsistency in the work of Ananat and Washington. They stated that the more segregated Blacks are the more contact they have with other Blacks and the more likely they are to be able to influence Black political behavior. However, they also mention a contradicting statement that segregation decreases Black voter turnout and/or increases non-Black voter turnout resulting in a decrease in Black civic efficacy.            The problem with some writers is they did not consider the other factors that may have an effect on political efficacy of Blacks such as history, religious beliefs and family or tribes traditions. There are also statements and even researches that are not very much relevant to the topic. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the points of the authors in the different works related to my topic for us to view the bigger picture. THEORIES AND HYPOTHESES Factors of Political Efficacy in Blacks            In the effort of explaining the present situation and behavior of political efficacy among Blacks, we first explain some concepts that I have crossed referenced from a number of literatures and arguments that tackles the same concept of political efficacy (as given in the review of literature). And from these sources, I have derived these following certain points and factors wherein I believe political efficacy among Blacks can be further explained and in these factors I have given closer attention and consideration. Racial Segregation. In this study of political efficacy in Blacks, it is impossible not to consider the status and limitations of interactions of Blacks with other races; which gives the concept of segregation or racial segregation. Racial segregation is quite different from racial discrimination; the latter being ranging from individual actions to enforced discriminatory behavior. Racial segregation is typically the spatial and institutional separation of races; as exemplified by separate neighborhoods, attending different schools and receiving different social services (Wikipedia). Economic Status. Although economic status have numerous meanings and measures, its use and meaning will be in accordance with the context of income. In this study, we use poverty rates as the general measure of economic status; a measure that can be easily quantified and compared in the process of analysis. Political Cynicism. Literally, cynicism is the belief of using self-interest as the main motive of behavior (Wikipedia). In the political context, political cynicism can be defined as the belief that government officials and authorities can not be trusted (Woodly, p. 2). From this definition, we can plainly use political cynicism as a measure of external political inefficacy as suggested by opposition of the government and its policies. Self-esteem. In its common term, can literally and plainly mean trust to one’s self. In the context of this study, self-esteem will be constantly interrelated with self-efficacy and political efficacy as well. However, this does not mean that self efficacy and self-esteem are the same; it may even mean the opposite at times. Woody even supports the difference between the two and limited self-efficacy as the sense of competence or personal control of one’s self (Woody, p. 13). Institutional Inequality. Because this study is about the behavior of a certain race or identity, it can not be helped that certain clashes and conflicts are met in between this race and the environment. As we study the behavior of Blacks, we will also consider their interactions with the non-Blacks. Institutional inequality can be referred to as the dominance of non-Blacks over Blacks considering the imbalance in number of representations and policies in the government and other institutions.            Black Political Efficacy as a Whole            In the comparative works done in understanding the political efficacy on blacks in its current context, this paper addresses the matter as a byproduct and interrelation of numerous factors and events and not just a simple cause and effect phenomena.            Although rigorous studies and measures were made in trying to explain black political efficacy as a whole, we now try to get a bigger picture by compiling these works and adding new factors into the matter such as the social events that may have affected the present situation.            As earlier discussed in this study, numerous inconsistencies and non-correlation of factors have been observed and given much attention. This includes the inconsistencies on segregation (of Blacks and Whites) and the matter itself of political efficacy in the work of Ananat and Washington(2006).            In the work of Ananat and Washington (2006), it has been stated that the more blacks have contact with each other, the more likely they will influence political behavior (Ananat and Washington 2006, p. 3). But then again, she then deduced that segregation or groupings of Blacks causes political inefficacy as prescribed by their voter-turnout (Ananat and Washington 2006, p. 20). Judging these statements, we now turn on the assumption that there is a different driving factor that correlates segregation and political efficacy among Blacks. Having these views, we now look at another concept – political cynicism among Blacks. Although there may be relations between political cynicism and segregation, the relation is very vague. In another study (Woodly), political efficacy among Blacks was found to be quite varied among communities, may it be segregated from Whites or not. Having established the contrast between the two (segregation and political cynicism), political cynicism and Black political efficacy can now be correlated independent of segregation. Just form the definition itself of political cynicism; it is no longer a question that cynicism significantly correlates with low political efficacy; more particularly with external political efficacy. We can now eliminate segregation and p[political efficacy and take a much closer look at cynicism in further understanding this subject.            Although segregation’s direct link with political efficacy has been disproven, we now look upon how it indirectly affects efficacy by being a variable in other considerable factors. In the same study between segregation and efficacy (Ananat and Washington 2006), economic status; as measured by rates of poverty; was tackled as it varies in segregated and non-segregated areas. To see the point of comparisons between segregation and economic status, we must first see how economic status and political efficacy relates to each other. Through additional studies, it was significantly concluded that political efficacy among Blacks decreases in communities of high poverty rates. These are supported by reports that lower income sub-groups are less likely to vote (Ananat and Washington 2006, p. 20). This exemplifies that Blacks loses trust and hope in the political issues, government policies, and even in the government itself when they are in low income status. We now establish the trend that as economic status increase, political efficacy increases as well. We now go back to the comparisons between segregation and economic status among Blacks. The trend exhibits a very high correlation between being segregated and being of low economic status among Blacks, and vice versa (Ananat and Washington 2006, p. 20). The opposite goes to Whites, the more they are in less contact with Blacks, the higher their economic status is (Ananat and Washington 2006, p. 20). From here, we may deduce that in non-segregated areas where Whites interact more with Blacks, it seems that Whites are less productive or work-oriented. Intuitively, we can sense the concept of power-play between Blacks and Whites. And based on these assumptions, we can now introduce another factor into the matter of political efficacy among Blacks – the concept of institutional inequality. In this matter of institutional inequality, we may find that non-Blacks has the need to be segregated from and dominant over Blacks for social and economic efficiency, as supported by Ananat and Washington’s study. In the point of view of Black’s, this is very apparent and the effect to their economic actions has been proven. In metro areas where there are more job and income opportunities, it has been found that these are also the places where Blacks are the minority of the population (Ananat and Washington 2006, p. 4). This play of domination is not just in the context of the working office. In further studies, it seems that these trends have rooted from the pillars of the social community; more specifically from the childhood environment. In the findings of Kardiner and Ovesey (1951), it is significantly seen that Black children have negative evaluation of themselves, thus giving room for the concept of inequality. The more alarming idea in this study is that these children tend to start having cynicism tendencies at these young ages (Lyons 1970, p. 290). At these stages, studies have concluded that Black children derive their self-esteem by blaming the system or the government itself (McCarthy and Yancey 1971). These statements are supported by Hughes’ tests wherein the self-efficacy of these children; which is defined as competence and self-control; significantly scores lower than non-Black children. Relating this to political efficacy, we may find that this institutional inequality really does exist in the community. This then causes economic drops in the status of Black adults, and at the same time, develops the tendencies of children for political cynicism. Having laid all these factors into the way, this leads nowhere else but to the decreased political efficacy among Blacks. CONCLUSION            Political efficacy among Blacks is not simply a matter of societal chance and thinking; it has a more complicated nature wherein a number of factors constantly defy and support each other. Although there are already numerous studies concerning the political efficacy in Blacks, it is found that there may be points and arguments that need more detail and attention; and some may even be misinterpreted and incorrect. The interrelation between segregation and political efficacy, though thoroughly studied and measured, in the end is found to have no direct link after all. However, having a direct effect on economic status (segregated areas have lower economic use for Blacks), segregation is still a factor in this matter. Economic downfall (measured by poverty rates), turns out to be a good reason and explanation of being less efficacious. On the other hand, the concept of political cynicism has; no doubt; the most understandable direct relation with political efficacy in Blacks. Simply from its definition of opposition to the government, political inefficacy increase along with levels of cynicism. Institutional inequality, by being present in a number of ways, has a lot of bearing in the status of Blacks. Its evident effect in economic status is proven by giving more financial advantage to the dominating race or group. And in turn, having deflected economic outcomes, affects political efficacy of Blacks. Not only that, these imbalance in equality is a basis of varying self-esteem. obviously, those of the dominating class will have higher self-esteem than the â€Å"lower class†, which in this case are the Blacks. The status of Blacks in the community; though it may be ignored and jeopardized; is still should be of concern to each and everyone. Although this study of literature and points of different authors about political efficacy is not a substitute in solving the problem stated, I hope to lighten and broaden the points by trying to look in different perspectives in the hopes of clearing out conflicts that may be or is already there. Having scanned and analyzed the articles concerning political efficacy among Blacks, I also have done my part in further strengthening their arguments; and if needed; also try to clarify and correct some inconsistencies and conflicts for intellectual purposes. But most of all, this paper is intended for readers to understand the situation and thinking of fellow Blacks, so that in the future we may have a deeper knowledge and consideration in our actions as to how it may affect each and every one of us.  References Ananat, Elizabeth O. and Washington, Ebonya. 2006. â€Å"Segregation and Black Political Efficacy.†New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Hughes, M. a. D. H. D. 1989. Self-Perceptions of Black Americans: Self-Esteem and Personal Efficacy. The American Journal of Sociology 95(1):132–159. Kardiner, A., and Ovesey, L. 1951. The Mark of Oppression. New York: Norton. Lyons, S. 1970. â€Å"The Political Socialization of Ghetto Children: Efficacy and cynicism.†Journal of Politics 32: 288-304. McCarthy, J. and W. L. Yancey. 1971. Reply to Washington by McCarthy and Yancey. American Journal of Sociology. 77: 590. Schneider, Daniel. â€Å"Extending Political Efficacy: Voters Perceptions of Efficacy of Elected Officials.†June 2006. http://www.stanford.edu/~danielsc/prop_nes_pilot_2006.pdf (November 30, 2007). Wikipedia. â€Å"Racial segregation.†December 3, 2007. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation (December 3, 2007). Wikipedia. â€Å"Cynicism.†November 30, 2007. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynicism (December 3, 2007). Woodly, Deva. â€Å"Black Youth Book Project: Political Efficacy Literature Review.†http://blackyouthproject.uchicago.edu/primers/reviews/efficacy.pdf (November 30, 2007). Â
Monday, July 29, 2019
Communication in business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2
Communication in business - Essay Example For sustainability purposes, Cemex Company has capitalized on sustainable development where the company emphasizes the aspect of making profit. The company has also well structured management policy that supports the efforts needed in promoting positive environmental strategies beneficial to the community2. The company has a structure which promotes the right of employees within the company’s environment, their customers and environment. These efforts are aimed at promoting effective corporate social responsibility in the community3. 1. Lessons Learnt Cemex employs the use of CxNetworks to attain their business objectives in global and providing their services to the community through CSR4. The company undertook this aspect by selling some of their assets and buying some important raw materials from the community. The use of the CxNetwork is beneficial to the company since it easy to do business with it and also assists in availing the online procurement web site. In this way, the company uses sustainability strategies to respect the CSR, which has proved to be more effective to the community5. The other lesson learnt from the past undertaking of the company is their partnership with Sinoma Energy Conservation from China in 20th March, 2012. The company manufactures it products from the waste from China. This in turn saves environmental resources and at the same time, recycles resources in order to make profit. This strategy improves the element of sustainability in making valid decisions, thus increasing the revenue and minimizing costs of the company. For the experience as a company, we strongly believe there is need to create environmental friendly approaches that will sustain the environment and promote the community through CSR principles. 2. Recommendations i). Develop comprehensive action plan that will provide a framework for promoting the principle of sustainability to address the problem of dereliction of the environment6. Benefits and Implicat ions a. The community will benefit through the element of corporate social responsibility since the community will participate in the process of formulation of the principles. The community will benefit in environment where the element of sustainability is guaranteed. b. The Local Network will gain from the principles thus minimizing the effects of environment dereliction caused by quarrying. This will also ensure that the Network’s activities are paralyzed by the community because the community now is the beneficiaries. ii). Employ both the use of local and external resources and manpower from the community through partnership including Local Network officials, developmental organizations, local community-based organizations, and government agencies7. Benefits and Implications a. The community through the CSR will enable the community members to access a vast expertise on ways of sustaining the environment thus making the objectives of the community realizable, b. The Networ k officials will be able to meet their financial obligations in the long-term thus offering members with the prospective of timely carrying out their chief business operations. iii). Incorporate the community‘
Sunday, July 28, 2019
Controlling Organized Crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Controlling Organized Crime - Essay Example This can lead to vast problems such as destabilizing different economies and interference in public processes by buying way through elections and putting corrupt officials in charge. Organized crime has spread its wings all over the world; illegal items might be exported from one country to another, and then sold in a third. This has really weakened the system and has created problems not only for the governments, but for the local people as well. (Organized Crime) Organized crime can cause serious socio-economic problems in whichever country it is operating. Violence is one of the major issues related to this. Crime kingpins will do whatever they can to protect their empire, and included in this is the use of violence, which usually involves firearms. Normally, these crime families are trying to kill the competition, so their aggression is pointed towards each other. But innocent victims get caught in the crossfire, and hundreds of casualties occur due to this. Moreover, these acts of violence are also used against the local population, in order to scare them and make them live in fear, so that the criminals can establish their control in a region. Illegal trafficking of drugs such as marijuana, heroin and cocaine, as discussed earlier, is also practiced by organized crime, and has caused serious issues everywhere. It is the main focus of the mafia, and their main source of income. Due to this marketing of said drugs, incidents of assails, homicides, and stealing property are not uncommon at all. These acts of violence are mainly results of tussle of control over regions between two crime families, or individuals trying to purchase drugs and make their way into this market. The consequences of this massive drug trade are not just limited to this; due to drug trafficking all over the world, a larger number of people are now suffering from adverse health effects of these drugs, which includes HIV. Other than the illegal drug trade, organized crime has found its way into the financial structure of different countries, and is harming it at an alarming rate. Credit card and mortgage fraud are the most ordinary of these crimes, and are practiced at a superior rate. Securities fraud such as crimes in the stock market and frauds related to marketing schemes such as telemarketing fraud ruin the lives of individuals and investors. For example, in some third world countries, due to the presence of land mafia and other several fraudulent cases, investors suffer from heavy losses, and less likely to continue their projects there. Money laundering is heavily practiced by many criminal organizations and it has planted a big dent on economic structures, worldwide. Money laundering normally comprises the use of a number of financial facilities such as banks, exchange and insurance companies etc. that can have adverse reactions on a number of institutions. As a result, services of lawyers, accountant and investment brokers are required, who accidentally o r on purpose assist the laundering process. Criminal organizations are capable of controlling financial systems and bribe corrupt officials of private or public institutions to aid with money laundering. This damages the financial structure of a region and also investors and the people lose confidence in the involved financial institutions. (Socio-economic Harms of Organized Crime) Many criminals organizations are said to have established working relations with law enforcement agencies. The system becomes
Saturday, July 27, 2019
Disability Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words
Disability Law - Essay Example Discrimination against these people is not justifiable since anybody is a potential candidate of this condition. The role that Equality Act 2010 has played cannot be underestimated. The equality Bill received royal assent in April 2010 and became an Act. It was a replacement of all the existing acts on discrimination. Actually it did consolidate all these legislations. Some of the acts that were consolidated to come up with the equality Act include Disability Discrimination Act 2005, The Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000 and Equal Pay Act 19702. This act reforms, streamlines and harmonizes these previous legislations with the sole aim of achieving equality among people regardless of their physical or mental state. Thesis Statement The Equality Act 2010 has been very effective in eliminating disability discrimination in all walks of life starting from the physically to mentally disabled. Components of the Act The Equality Act 2010 covers up nine guarded features which make it a brea ch of law to discriminate any individual on the grounds of age, disability including those who have or previously have had a disability. It also makes it unlawful to discriminate against anybody on grounds of gender relocation, marriage and civil companionship, pregnancy and motherhood, race, religion or belief comprising lack of belief, gender and sexual orientation. The act covers fields such as those of employment, goods and services, facilities admissions and treatment of students. There are a number of significant changes in the Equality Act 2010 that have had a lot of positive impacts in the sector of education which is fundamental to the development of the country. The definition of direct discrimination has since changed to include the protection from discrimination based on both the perception and association for all the nine characteristics protected by the Act. Discrimination is no longer a direct and evident but sort of perceptual and associative. As such, the Act has be en very crucial in shaping the society by eliminating discrimination. The Act has also explicitly extended discrimination protection to disability. Again, this is with the view that those who are disabled either physically or mentally did not choose to be in the condition and, therefore, there is absolutely no reason to discriminate against them3. If anything, they are very important components that can steer the society forward if given the opportunity to do so and should, therefore, be made to feel equal to the rest of the society. The disability-related discrimination has also been replaced by a newer kind of discrimination: discrimination against disability. It is unlawful to discriminate anyone because of disability in any sector whether in education or in any other sector. The breastfeeding mothers can now be explicitly protected ensuring that a woman is neither looked down upon nor treated in a less favourable manner just because she is breastfeeding. With this in mind, a bre astfeeding mother feels free and as an important component of the society. She lives a stress free life since she is considered an equally important part of the society. The Act also protects pregnant students from discrimination. For a long time, students have been discriminated against on grounds of pregnancy. They are not treated fairly and equally giving rise to a sense of disorientation and isolation. This does not provide breathing space for academic excellence in schools. The Extent
Friday, July 26, 2019
HDev 360 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
HDev 360 - Essay Example This is a futile hope. Every fact of the processes of association will not enlighten us of the reason any specific association is constructed by a certain person, will not elucidate the roots of exogamy, the creation of bow and arrow, or of any other cultural attribute with the exception of concepts that are mutually relevant to all (Kroeber et al. 1952). The purported culture of a population, as it is commonly viewed by social scientists, is fundamentally an organized register of all the culturally inherited behavioral patterns which could be manifested in the real behavior of most or all of the members of the group (Naylor 1996). Nevertheless, the actual locus of these mechanisms which, when transformed into an entirety, represent culture is not in a conceptual group of people referred to as ‘society’, because the concept ‘society’ is also a cultural creation which is used by people who exist in important relations to each other so as to aid them in the understanding of particular features of their behavior (Naylor 1996). The actual strength of culture is in the relationships and interactions of certain people and, on the individual level, in the dimension of meanings which each of these people could instinctively adopt for him/herself from his involvement in these relationships and interactions. Immigrant women in Toronto, like Susan, are supposed to improve the lives of their families in Ghana. There is little or no problem when Susan was not yet married and migrated on her own. The difficulty arises with marriage and the harmonizing that emerges between the traditions and needs of her marital family and those of the broader extended families (Walters & Avotri 1999). This phenomenon is referred to as ‘cultural tension’. Researchers, such as Sara Berry, have introduced the persistent importance of kin associations in Africa, explaining how what has usually been thought as useless
Russian Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Russian Literature - Essay Example For example he talks about revolution in the words, ‘revolution is everywhere, in everything. It is infinite†¦some day an exact formula for the law of revolution will be established. And in this formula nations, classes, stars, books will be expressed as numerical quantities.’ (108). the reference to numerical quantities is the figurative reference to one social and political body. Zamyatin in his essay discusses the dependent existence of everything in this world. He states that not only a man’s present, past and future are interlinked but also an individual’s every wise decision or a mistake accounts for his future actions. Since making mistakes and then bearing the consequences or dealing with them is a very humane reaction and resultantly it is a sign of life. As mentioned in the text, ‘all truths are erroneous†¦today’s truths become errors tomorrow’ also it is stated ‘the dead-alive also write, walk, speak, and act. But they make no mistakes: only machines make no mistakes and they produce only dead things the alive-alive are constantly n error, in search, in question, in torment’ (110).
Thursday, July 25, 2019
Tibet Civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Tibet Civilization - Essay Example It was fused with imperialism and became the religion of the kings during the reign of Song Tsen Gampo who ruled from 617 AD to 650 AD. He married two Chinese princesses who were Buddhists. He had the holy book of Sutras translated into the Tibetan language and thus the common people were able to read and understand the Buddhist scriptures. In the 8th century, King Trisong Detsen brought in the great Buddhist scholars from India, Pandit Shantarakshita, Kamalasila and Padmasambhava to spread the word of Lord Buddha. The first spiritual community was set up as a Buddhist monastery in Samye. This helped the Indian version of Buddhism to be established in Tibet and not the Chinese version. In 842 AD, King Lang Dharma persecuted Buddhists and tried to uproot the religion as he tried to bring back the original Bon religion. By 978, during the reign of King Yeshe, Buddhism was revived and with the help of Indian pundits, Buddhism was brought back as the official religion. According to Smith (2001, p. 45-49), final product of Buddhism was a combination of Mahayana Buddhism and the Tantric movement. Mahayana actually began as a splinter group from the Buddhist Mahasangha and it prescribed a more liberal monastic tradition and attitude for the followers. The followers of Buddhism were used to the Mahabharata and the Ramayana and they had notions of heroes, evil sprits, good, bad and other folklore. Accordingly, Lord Buddha was represented as different godlike Buddha images in different stages. With this belief came the adherence to sutras that are holy utterances and scriptures. Tantras are holy scriptures and writings that explain the process of enlightenment through rebirths and the endless wheel of life. Tantra was practiced by the Siddhi, the expert who knows the secrets of Buddhism. The most important of the sutras are Prajà ±aparamita also called as the Perfection of Wisdom; Suddharma-pundarika or the true Dharma; Vimalakirti-nirdesha or
Wednesday, July 24, 2019
Write a 1,000-word essay about the value and limitations of the
Write a 1,000-word about the value and limitations of the document in understanding American foreign policy-making and US relations with China (both Natio - Essay Example It reflects some clear thinking in the US State Department in its understanding of issues related to China. Broadly put, the proposed policy aims to build a calibrated relationship with China but at the same time have a strong upper hand in this relationship. This paper provides a wider perspective to the ‘draft document’ and contextualizes the policy of the US government towards China to the prevailing national and international political scenarios of the time. The proposed policy rightly aims to assist the Chinese people by providing them with food stocks. The ‘Great Leap Forward’ beginning 1958 which was about simultaneous development of agricultural and industrial sectors, turned out to be a major economic disaster for China, leaving, by some estimates around 20 million dead. Providing China with much needed food relief and other humanitarian aid such as medical information and advanced warnings about natural disasters, in this scenario, would have indeed helped Chinese people (if not the Chinese Government) warm up to the Americans. What the proposed policy fails to take into account is that China has always been a ‘closed’ State. Even in 2008, in an era of internet and mobile phones, the Chinese people are largely dependent on government filtered sources of information (Jonathan Zittrain and Benjamin Edelman). Attempting to influence opinions of Chinese people in the 1960s would have only been tougher. By attempting to reward the Japanese and Indians, the proposed policy rightly aims to strengthen the nuclear capabilities, albeit for peaceful purposes, of China’s neighbours, and in turn, build a perception that China’s military capabilities are neither unique nor so strong as to push the smaller neighbours into China’s fold. The US strategy of containment of China is envisages the willingness of the smaller players such as Japan or larger ones such as India to become a pawn in
Tuesday, July 23, 2019
Describe a time when you experience a classroom as a community. How Essay
Describe a time when you experience a classroom as a community. How did the teacher create it How did it feel to belong to this - Essay Example The place was like a community to me as the bringing together of people with different backgrounds and ideologies was really worthwhile. The teacher ensured that the students in the classroom were able to interact with each other and probably learn more from the older group. This act by the teacher exposed the flaws of the education system where students are put in the same class with students of their peer group. The teacher created this community in such a way that the students were given the opportunity to acquire skills that would make them integrate easily into the society. The teacher made the students to have a deep sense of belonging as that act gave the students the opportunity to interact socially with other members of the academic community (Koch 28-31). It is true that schools shelter students from the opportunities of enlightening that exposure to wider social, ethnic and mixed age groupings might afford them as they would be restricted to the knowledge that is within th e school. The teacher made us aware in the classroom that the real lessons of life are not learnt within the walls of a school, but in the community or the society as the case may be. The teacher adequately prepared us for the challenges of a larger community and the society as a whole.
Monday, July 22, 2019
Administrative Ethics Paper Essay Example for Free
Administrative Ethics Paper Essay Biomedical ethical issues are seen frequently in the news and are in constant scrutiny. The demand for social responsibility is high and available resources are limited. Health care leaders are faced with numerous administrative issues regarding patient privacy, research, confidentiality, and terminal illness. Much debate has surrounded medical spending on the terminally ill, such as the cost and allocation of resources toward end-of-life care. Choosing between prolonged life and quality of life are two difficult decisions to make. Nonetheless, it is difficult to base one’s opinion until cancer has taken over one’s life. A close look at administrative issues surrounding end-of-life care will demonstrate the impact on a population, ethical, and legal implications, potential solutions to the problem, and managerial responsibilities. The Northern Mariana Islands (NMI) is a part of the United States territory because it’s establishment of commonwealth in political union and is home to approximately 44,000 people (Central Intelligence Agency, 2012). Because of the increase in chronic diseases and lack of available resources, several residents are referred to go off the island to seek health care in Guam and Hawaii (Doty, 2012). However, the medical referral program has a crucial problem with financing because of the large amount already owed (Doty, 2012). Although a budget of $2. 5 million is allotted for health care expenses for the medical referral program, it only covers half of the costs incurred in 2011 (Doty, 2012). Therefore, officials viewed rationing of medical services necessary to keep costs at bay. Among the rationing of medical services is the allocation of resources to terminally ill patients. According to Doty (2012), a medical provider states, â€Å"As a community, we must address the reality of spending precious resources on end-stage patients who will die within a short amount of time with or without medical treatment. †The method of triage rationing raises ethical concerns because patients are treated as if they were soldiers out on a battlefield where only those with a higher chance of survival are saved. Although unspoken, the practice of rationing services is common in the NMI. The population is negatively impacted by the health care crisis and the lack of hospice care. Family members of ailing patients are seen holding signs requesting for donations so their loved one may receive off-island treatment (Doty, 2012, para. 33). Cost and allocation of resources are clearly administrative issues that need ethical evaluation. A senior administrator of the NMI seems lost at finding a solution and reminisces of the time when people accepted their fate and lived on the principle, â€Å"we live and die on our islands†(Doty, 2012). The ethical and legal implications of rationing health services have many facets. Generosity and independence are among the ethical principles associated with allocating health resources; however, that is not the case when resources are scarce and funding is limited. As demonstrated in the NMI, mainly the poor and middle class are subjected to health care rationing. Aside from the poor, people most affected by health care rationing are the elderly and disabled persons (Peters, 1995). It is unethical of those with tremendous discretionary power to favor the prestigious over the poor or disabled. However, rationing based on the ability to pay already exists and is completely legal, such as rationing care of Medicaid patients or rationing by insurance companies (Fremgen, 2009). Although some people may believe rationing health care is unethical, it is economically inevitable as the demand for scarce health care resources increase. Therefore, it requires ethical consideration when allocating health resources. According to the article, the proposed solution is a policy on medical care rationing (Doty, 2012). However, some politicians claim the unnamed policy is already put into practice. Furthermore, the administration proposes a tighter budget for the 2012 fiscal year but does not elaborate on how it will be accomplished (Doty, 2012). The manager of the medical referral services suggested to administration that the program be suspended and only used for emergency cases (Doty, 2012). However, no action has been taken to suspend the program. Another suggested solution is to place high emphasis on prevention and primary care to avoid excessive referrals during critical stages. Furthermore, hospice care is not available to everyone on the NMI, which if made an option, may minimize the health crisis by decreasing the demand of health care resources. Nonetheless, evaluating the effectiveness of treatment and cost is essential in allocating resources. Managers are responsible for implementing cost/benefit analysis to best use the institution’s resources. Peters (1995) states, â€Å"Cost-effectiveness calculations have the appeal of incorporating outcomes research, patient preferences, and expected costs into a rational and potentially sophisticated scheme for maximizing health care outcomes from the available resources. †However, cost/benefit analysis alone should not be the primary basis for allocating resources. Managers must also ensure health resources are distributed equitably. Nevertheless, a solid solution has not yet to develop as the situation worsens in the NMI. A leader’s responsibility and accountability for appropriately rationing healthcare is tremendous. Because resources are limited, leaders must diligently follow eligibility criteria that satisfy legal and social standards. However, the approach is not easy and frequent subject of debate. Some consider health resource allocation is necessary but others find it morally repugnant. Therefore, the manager’s responsibility toward allocation decisions requires evaluation of distributive justice principles for ethical dilemmas. For example, need, equity, contribution, ability to pay, patient effort, and merit are principles useful in determining resources allocation (Armstrong, 1998). Each patient situation has unique circumstances that require healthcare leaders to view subjectively. Nonetheless, leader’s responsibility is to set clear guidelines for allocating resources so health care providers can remain advocates for their patients. Allocation of medical services in poverty stricken NMI indeed has ethical and legal implications with no easy solution. The population is in dire need of distributive justice. Administrators are at a loss with the health care crisis of financial burden and limited resources. Nonetheless, health care leaders must fulfill their obligations to their organization and community by using ethical principles to guide them in making difficult decisions. Nevertheless, perhaps proposed solutions turned into policy may minimize the need for off-island medical referrals. Administrative issues surrounding end-of-life care demonstrated the impact on a population, ethical, and legal implications, potential solutions to the problem, and managerial responsibilities. Administration indeed has tremendous social responsibility.
She-Wolf Essay Example for Free
She-Wolf Essay 1.) The short story â€Å"She-Wolf†written by Giovanni Verga, depicts the tragic life of a man named Nanni who unfortunately meets a psychotic and possibly possessed girl named Pina. Pina quickly falls in love with Nanni because he is very handsome and big hearted. In an epic twist Nanni states he does not care for her, but would want her daughter for wedlock instead. In a plot to actually be with Nanni anyway Pina said he may have her daughter; even if it’s against her own will, in the condition that they take her house and allow her to stay there with them. Nanni began to hate and dread the she-wolfs evil visage, but mostly her eyes for they revealed the evils of hell itself. He told her if she returned he would slay her and when he went to take her out her evil gaze once again took control of his body and he is unable to kill her and never will be able too. In the end she got what she wanted, she has Nanni forever under her control. The purpose of this text could be to fore-warn men about women and how evil they can be. 2.) The main prevalent theme would undoubtedly be love, this was very effective in helping the reader comprehend the mood, purpose, and mainly plot. The she-wolf has fallen deeply in love with Nanni, yet he does not share the same feeling for he wants her daughter. This causes Pina to form a passionate jealousy and even hatred towards them. Thus Pina decided she would take his soul, slowly day by day, and with every look into her hollow eyes he lost a piece of himself. This happened until he was completely taken over by her will. 3.) Utilize context clues to infer the significance of the reiteration of the statement-â€Å"her eyes as black as coal†throughout the story. * The author uses this method to signify that she is a supernatural being, perhaps a demon or succubus type of creature. When one looks into the hollow eyes of a demon they will witness evils beyond comprehension and possibly be driven to the point of insanity almost instantaneously if they are not in fact possessed at first glance. The reiteration is used to show the substantial effect of her eyes.
Sunday, July 21, 2019
Review of Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes
Review of Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes With the exceptions of Dorotea and Zoraida, the women in the First Part of Don Quixote are weak-willed, subservient creatures who rely on their husbands as masters. However, even Dorotea ingratiates and humiliates herself in order to win back Fernandos affection. Zoraida, on the other hand, at first stands out as the one seeming exception to this model, since she has the will to steal from her father in order to run away from home with the captive. Zoraida, or Maria if you prefer, is a female figure who is half Moor (the body) and half Christian (the soul) and enters into self-imposed exile from her home culture in order to actualize a hidden and purportedly European self (Garrett 141). Zoraida abandons her father on a deserted island in the process of actualizing her quest for the Christian world (Garrett 141). As a Moor, she can step outside the bounds of the conventional roles governing the lives of Cervantess women. However, Zoraida speaks only once, and then it is in animated revision of her name: No, Zoraida no: Maria, Maria! (Cervantes 353). Renamed Maria, Zoraidas Moorish identity would be replaced by a Christian ideal of feminine chastity, but her muteness symbolizes her lack of power. Therefore, even though her ethnicity and religious passion make her unusual and suggest that she might serve as the model for a new kind of woman in the novel, she remains as much an object as the other female characters. The Captives Tale highlights a womans role in modern Spain. From the first, Zoraida is represented as an object unable to demonstrate a sense of self. In contrast to the captive, who actively interacts with the inns guests and defines himself as part of their community, Zoraida is passive and mute and distanced. She becomes visible to her new companions only after the captive translates for her for a specifically Christian audience. The success of Zoraidas cross-cultural journey depends on the captive. (Garrett 142) Zoraida enters Cervantes text as a literal representation of a romantic damsel-in-distress. Her arrival follows Doroteas impersonation of Princess Micomicona, an imaginary construct devised by the priest and the barber to put an end to Don Quixotes misadventures (Garrett 142). A once great lady, the princess is said to require a knights service to restore her and her family from the tyrannous hold of an overgrown giant (Cervantes 274). In an interesting parallel, Zoraida, having become herself a reduced and vulnerable woman, provides a real-life mirror to the princess. A willing expatriate from her home culture, Zoraida enters the story after having been relieved by pirates of her bangles, pearls, and rubies, and appearing a materially impoverished Christian convert (Garrett 142). Her freedom depended on betrayal, and after that betrayal she lost her economic and discursive power. In the end, all that she retains is her allure as a Muslim woman seeking a new homeland. Where the imaginary Micomicona is protected by the madly romantic Don Quixote, Zoraida is protected by the Christian captive. Together, Zoraida and the captive arrive at the inn as realistic figures of a modern Christian knight and his chastely silent lady. Zoraida represents the potential for womens centrality at the same time she reveals the limits of womens access to power. Both in terms of economics and discourse, she is contained after offering herself up for exchange. In Cervantes and the Material World, Carroll Johnson suggests that Zoraida journeys from linguistic and economic empowerment in protocapitalistic Algiers to voicelessness and poverty in feudo-agrarian Spain, where the old order triumphs and Zoraida is promised, at best, a position as a second-class morisca citizen (126). Cervantes used masculinist literary models to shape his novel, but he engaged in an entirely new kind of literary activity that reached out to a growing reading population by positioning Zoraida at the center of the discussion of race, class, and difference in early modern Spain (Vollendorf 322). Zoraida cannot upset any genre, for hers is the quintessential historical narrative of conversion, displacement, and silence.
Saturday, July 20, 2019
Training Skips Effective Techniques of Teaching :: essays papers
Training Skips Effective Techniques of Teaching â€Å"U.S. Educators’ Training Skips Effective Techniques of Teaching†: Article Review The article, U.S. Educators’ Training Skips Effective Techniques of Teaching, states that teachers in the United States have not been sufficiently trained on the details of beneficial teaching techniques. According to a study done by James W. Stigler, the United States’ teaching styles are drastically different than those of other countries. For example, Stigler found that teachers in America focus their math lessons primarily on rote learning and repetitive drills. On the other hand, in Japan teachers let the students make mistakes in hopes that these mistakes will later help them understand the problem and the reasoning behind it. The article also explains how teachers in the United States tend to stay isolated in their room and do not share or discuss their teaching techniques and experiences with each other in order to seem unintrusive. In Japan, the teachers often form teams to create lessons and share ideas while also clustering all their desks into one room. A t hird example of the differences among American schools compared to schools in other countries is the teacher’s main topics of discussion concerning their students. In America teachers tend to discuss student discipline instead of instruction, while in Japan, discussion focuses on different ways to teach lessons and concepts. This article states how American teachers need to work collaboratively and share their knowledge with their colleagues in order to help our students. I agree with this article when it states that â€Å"†¦[the U.S.] needs to create a culture in which teachers examine the way they teach and how they can better achieve their own goals. I feel that this article gave some good examples on how American schools need to improve their teaching techniques to help the students. While it is important to teach students the process of a math problem, for example, it is also just as important to teach them the underlying concept for the problem. Children need to be able to experiment and discover for themselves what math concepts mean in order to own and understand the information or skill. If students are not taught reasons for why they are learning something, they will not be interested. I also believe that discussions between teachers should focus on sharing their techniques and instructional ideas with each other rather than on discipline and logistics.
Friday, July 19, 2019
Eyesight :: essays research papers fc
Eyesight Vision is the learned ability to see for information and performance; it allows us to understand things that we cannot touch, taste, smell or hear. 20/20 vision does not mean perfect eyesight. 20/20 vision simply means that at a 20 ft. distance a person is able to see a certain letter than an average eye should be able to see at that distance. You can have 20/20 vision and lack the abilities to use your two eyes together as a team, to judge distances, to identify colors and to coordinate your eyes with hand and body movements. About four in ten people have "perfect" vision. There are also various eye disorders associated with eyesight such as astigmatism, farsightedness, and nearsightedness. Astigmatism is a condition in which vision at all distances may be blurred or distorted. An irregularly shaped cornea, causing light images to focus on two separate points in the eye, characterizes this condition. When the front of the eye is more oval than round, light does not focus properly on the back of the eye, also known as the retina. Astigmatism is not a disease, but is actually a vision condition that is quite common--only moderate to highly astigmatic eyes need corrective lenses. The signs and symptoms of severe astigmatism are blurred or distorted vision. For mild astigmatism the symptoms are headaches, eyestrain, fatigue, and blurred vision at certain angles. The causes of astigmatism are unclear. It may be genetically inherited or may result from various environmental factors such as poor lighting, incorrect posture, or an increased use of the eyes for close work. Another eye disorder is farsightedness, also known as hyperopia. With this disorder, objects are seen clearly far away but are blurry close up. The eyeball is too short for the lens to focus a clear image on the retina. More than half of all people who wear glasses are farsighted. The signs and symptoms of farsightedness are aching or burning eyes, suffering from eyestrain, general tension, fatigue or headaches after close work, becoming irritable or nervous after prolonged concentration, and difficulty concentrating and maintaining a clear focus on near objects. Nearsightedness also known as myopia, is a disorder where one can see clearly close up, but see blurry at a distance (for example, not being able to read the blackboard but being able to read a book). This occurs when the eyeball is too long or the cornea is too curved to focus on the retina.
Stand Up And Fight :: essays research papers
I have a right to be angry. I grew up in Mobile, AL. When I was young, this place was almost all White. Everywhere I went I saw only my own people. I could ride my bicycle anywhere without fear. There were no gangs, or drugs, or drive-by shootings, or anything. The kind of guys we were afraid of in school would be total wimps today. That country felt like home. It was a home. All that is gone now. As I drive through the town where I grew up, half the cars have foreigners in them. The other half have aging Whites. The houses have fences around their front yards, with spiked arrowheads on top. On the street corners there are mini-malls with strange writing on the signs, in Chinese or Arabic or God knows what. I recently saw something that made me ill. An old man was walking down the street. He had a long flowing gray beard, and a turban, and the whole bit. He must have been from India. I thought, what the hell is he doing here in my country ? Why doesn't he stay in his own country ? He has his own homeland to live in. I do not want him here. Once, I went into Pep Boys. Behind me, I heard two voices talking in some strange garbled language that I had never heard before. I turned around and it was two White kids. I think they must have been from Eastern Europe. I felt ill. Now even the Whites are strangers. That affected more than all the rest. I do not want to live in a place where everyone is a FREAK ! I want to live in a place where I have some grounding. I do not want to live in a place where everything is always in flux. I want to live in a home. I do not want to live here anymore. All of this is being done to us. What we want counts for nothing. We live in a phony republic. The people here have about as much power as a student body government. This reminds me of what happens to European countries when they lose a war. Provinces along the border are split off and given to other countries. Foreigners move in, and the people are oppressed and become second class citizens. California and the whole West Coast are being turned over to Mexico and Asia as settlement colonies.
Thursday, July 18, 2019
Psychological Distress and Coping Strategies Among Transgenders Essay
â€Å"Why compare yourself with others? No one in the entire world can do a better job of being you than you†.1 Transgender is a general term applied to a variety of individuals, behaviors, and groups involving tendencies to vary from culturally conventional gender roles. Transgender is the state of one’s â€Å"gender identity†(self-identification as woman, man, neither or both) not matching ones â€Å"assigned sex†(identification by others as male, female or intersex based on physical/genetic sex). A transgender individual may have characteristics that are normally associated with a particular gender, identify elsewhere on the traditional gender continuum, or exist outside of it as â€Å"other†, â€Å"agender†, â€Å"Genderqueer†, or â€Å"third gender†. Transgender people may also identify as bigender, or along several places on either the traditional transgender continuum, or the more encompassing continuums which have been developed in response to the significantly more detailed studies done in recent years. 2 ‘Transgender’ refers to a person, male or female, who dresses, acts or presents in a manner that differs from his or her gender norm. ‘Transgender’ includes transvestites (both fetish and dual-role), drag queens, drag kings, androgynes and genderqueers. It does not include transsexual people.3 The transgender community in India, known as hijras, number up to a million people and occupy a unique role in society. On the one hand, they are called upon to offer blessings during auspicious occasions like weddings and at births. The rest of the time, they are not only ignored but often ostracized from society.4 Transgender individuals are commonly viewed as a part of the lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) community, forming the commonly known acronym LGBT. However, inclusion of transgender individuals within the sexual orientation political movement, and at social or cultural gay/lesbian events is highly debated. This is due to the division of sexual orientation and gender identity, which, though correlated, are different constructs. Whereas sexual orientation refers to one’s emotional, romantic and sexual attraction to others, gender identity refers to the person’s relationship to their gender and is largely independent of orientation. It is important to make the distinction between sex and gender. Sex is biological and physical (e.g., chromosomes, hormones, gonads), while gender is psychologically and socially constructed. For transgender individuals, gender is not congruent with sex. In order to align sex and gender a transgender individual may or may not undergo medical treatment, such as hormones or surgery. 5 Psychological distress is the end result of factors–example, psychogenic pain, internal conflicts, and external stress that prevent a person from self-actualization and connecting with ‘significant others’6. Coping is the expending conscious effort to solve personal and interpersonal problems, and seeking to master, minimize or tolerate stress or conflict. Psychological coping mechanisms are commonly termed coping strategies or coping skills. The term coping generally refers to adaptive or constructive coping strategies, i.e., the strategies reduce stress levels. Furthermore, the term coping generally refers to reactive coping, i.e., the coping response follows the stressor. This contrasts with proactive coping, in which a coping response aims to head off a future stressor7. Brief Resume of Intended Work 6.1 NEED FOR STUDY The term transgender (TG) was popularized in the 1970s (but implied in the 1960) describing people who wanted to live cross-gender without sex reassignment surgery. In the 1980s the term was expanded to an umbrella term, and became popular as a means of uniting all those whose gender identity did not mesh with their gender assigned at birth. In the 1990s, the term took on a political dimension as an alliance covering all who have at some point not conformed to gender norms, and the term became used to question the validity of those norms or pursue equal rights and anti-discrimination legislation, leading to its widespread usage in the media, academic world and law. The term continues to evolve.2 The population of hijras in India is estimated to be between 50,000 and 1.2 million. There is a huge disparity in the numbers because population censuses only give space to define either males or females. There are no reliable statistics. Tamil Nadu in a path breaking move has come to recogni ze transgenders – (the term itself is no monolith as transgender is more of an umbrella term). 8 Most hijras live at the margins of society with very low status; the very word â€Å"hijra†is sometimes used in a derogatory manner. Few employment opportunities are available to hijras. Many get their income from performing at ceremonies, begging, or sex workâ€â€an occupation of eunuchs also recorded in premodern times. Violence against hijras, especially hijra sex workers, is often brutal, and occurs in public spaces, police stations, prisons, and their homes. As with transgender people in most of the world, they face extreme discrimination in health, housing, education, employment, immigration, law, and any bureaucracy that is unable to place them into male or female gender categories. 9 Discrimination has prevented most hijras from obtaining decent education, jobs and housing, say transgender and human rights activists. The vast majority live in slums and, with limited job opportunities, resort to sex work or begging. They weave in and out of Mumbai’s traffic or come onto the women’s compartments of local trains, clap loudly and take money in exchange for a blessing. While hijras continue to face discrimination, they have also made significant social and legal gains in recent years. Last July, the Delhi High Court decriminalized gay sex, and in November, transgenders won the right to be listed as â€Å"other†rather than â€Å"male†or â€Å"female†on electoral rolls and voter identity cards.4 Tamil Nadu has an estimated population of 30,000 transgender people. It has made great strides in trying to integrate transgender people into society. This includes welfare schemes initiated by the Government and acceptance of transgender people into the mainstream media and film industry.10 The Hijra of India are probably the most well known and populous third sex type in the modern world – Mumbai-based community health organisation The Humsafar Trust estimates there are between 5 and 6 million hijras in India. In different areas they are known as Aravani/Aruvani or Jogappa. Often (somewhat misleadingly) called eunuchs in English, they may be born intersex or apparently male, dress in feminine clothes and generally see themselves as neither men. In June 2009, the Supreme Court of Pakistan ordered a census of hijras, who number between 80,000 and 300,000 in Pakistan. In December 2009, Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry, the Chief Justice of Pakistan, ordered that the National Database and Registration Authority issue national identity cards to members of the community showing their â€Å"distinct†gender. 11 In a national school climate survey on the school related experiences of our nation’s lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth, 55 percent of transgender youth report being physically attacked.33.2 percent of transgender youth have attempted suicide. 74 percent of transgender youth reported being sexually harassed at school, and 90 percent of transgender youth reported feeling unsafe at school because of their gender expression In a survey of 403 transgender people, 78 percent reported having been verbally harassed and 48 percent reported having been victims of assault, including assault with a weapon, sexual assault or rape. A study was found that bisexual students in Massachusetts and Vermont were three to six times more likely to use cocaine than their straight classmates.12 A study conducted on fifty-five transgender youth described their gender development and some of the stressful life experiences related to their gender identity and gender expression. More than two-thirds of youth reported past verbal abuse by their parents or peers related to their gender identity and nonconformity, and approximately one-fifth to one-third reported past physical abuse. The more gender non-conforming the youth were, the more abuse they reported. Four aspects of psychological resilience were examined: a sense of personal mastery, self-esteem, perceived social support, and emotion-oriented coping. A regression model of the selected aspects of resilience accounted for 40–55 percent of the variance in relation to depression, trauma symptoms, mental health symptoms, and internalizing and externalizing problems. Emotion-oriented coping was a significant predictor of negative mental health as determined by each of the mental health variables 13. A study conducted by GLSEN found that over 85 percent of trans students reported verbal harassment based on their sexual orientation and gender identity. Nearly half (49.5 percent) reported physical harassment based on these characteristics, and a third (34.1 percent) reported being physically assaulted. Transgender students get harassed much more often than their classmates: the study found that transgender students were over four times more likely to be verbally harassed because of their gender expression. The dramatically higher frequency of such victimization among transgender people is alarming, and as one would assume, has significant effects on a student’s ability to learn. 14 Psychiatric nurses are often in ideal position to assess the health and its problems and to offer education and support. Nurse needs to be knowledgeable about psychological distress and coping mechanism among Transgender people. When the nurse develops an effective plan for nursing management, she should consider family involvement, appropriate referral resources. The above studies highlight the psychological distress faced by the transgenders. As there is a dearth of research studies on transgenders in nursing, the researcher felt the need to contribute, explore and identify the psychological distress and coping strategies among transgenders. 6.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE A study conducted on the fear of experiencing discrimination often provokes symptoms of psychological distress. One coping resource is positive identification with one’s social group–known as collective self-esteem. This preliminary study investigated whether collective self-esteem was related to fears regarding a transsexual identity and psychological distress among 53 self-identified male-to-female transsexuals (mean age = 50.79 years). Participants were recruited from transgender events held in Arizona and California. The majority (81 percent) reported living full-time as women (mean length of time living as a woman = 6.33 years). Negative feelings about the transsexual community and fears regarding the impact of a transsexual identity were positively related to psychological distress. A regression model revealed that the fear of how a transsexual identity would affect one’s life was the best predictor of the severity of psychological distress. These results a re consistent with findings from other historically marginalized groups, whereby the stress of being stigmatized by society adversely affects mental health. 15 A study used three focus groups to explore factors that affect the experiences of youth (ages 15 to 21) that identify as transgender. The focus groups were designed to probe transgender youths’ experiences of vulnerability in the areas of health and mental health. This involved their exposure to risks, discrimination, marginalization, and their access to supportive resources. Three themes emerged from an analysis of the groups’ conversations. The themes centered on gender identity and gender presentation, sexuality and sexual orientation, and vulnerability and health issues. Most youth reported feeling they were transgender at puberty, and they experienced negative reactions to their gender atypical behaviors, as well as confusion between their gender identity and sexual orientation. Youth noted four problems related to their vulnerability in health-related areas: the lack of safe environments, poor access to physical health services, inadequate resources to address their mental health concerns, and a lack of continuity of care giving by their families and communities16. A study conducted on the sexual minority status is a key risk factor for suicide among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth; however, it has not been studied among transgender youth. Fifty-five transgender youth reported on their life-threatening behaviours. Nearly half of the sample reported having seriously thought about taking their lives and one quarter reported suicide attempts. Factors significantly related to having made a suicide attempt included suicidal ideation related to transgender identity; experiences of past parental verbal and physical abuse; and lower body esteem, especially weight satisfaction and thoughts of how others evaluate the youths’ bodies. Sexual minority status is a key risk factor for life-threatening behaviours among transgender youth.17 A recent study undertaken to understand the level of General wellbeing of Male-to-female (MTF) Transgender population living in Chennai shed light on the mental health concerns of the transgender population in Chennai. The study consisted of transgender (n=33), and that had been selected for the study by using Purposive sampling technique because it was a challenge to collect data from the population, given their obscurity. A standardized Tamil version of the Wellbeing Questionnaire-12 was used. As for the results of the quantitative data, 75.76 percent of the samples fell under Average Wellbeing Category, 24.24 percent of samples fell under Better Wellbeing Category and 0 percent fell under Poor Wellbeing Category. From the In-Depth Interviews it is inferred that the socio-economic status of Transgender is very poor, they feel inferior to others and are constantly humiliated and il l-treated by the society at large. However, support within the community is strong.18 A research study has documented the link between mental health disorders and discrimination. The coming-out process for an older LGBT person, who has lived most of his or her life in a hostile or intolerant environment, can induce significant stress and contribute to lower life satisfaction and self-esteem. Managing social stressors such as prejudice, stigmatization, violence, and internalized homophobia over long periods of time results in higher risks of depression, suicide, risky behaviour, and substance abuse. LGBT populations, therefore, may be at increased risk for these and other mental disorders. There may be a higher lifetime prevalence of affective disorders in LGBT persons, but no difference in current prevalence of such disorders. However, while little is known about the actual prevalence of mental health disorders in LGBT adults, even less is known about the prevalence of mental health disorders in older LGBT adults. 19 A study examined the relationship between psychological well-being variables (i.e., depression, anxiety, and self-esteem) and level of outness in male-to-female (M t F) transsexuals. Participants were 105 M t F transsexual attendees at an annual transgender conference held in Atlanta, Georgia. Participants completed seven questionnaires, including the Demographics Questionnaire, the Outness Demographics Questionnaire, the Outness Attitude Scale, the Openness Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory-II, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. A canonical correlation was conducted with psychological well-being variables as the predictor and the outness variables as the criterion. Results indicated that psychological well-being variables are related to outness. Treatment implications, limitations, and suggestions for future research are discussed. 20 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM A study to assess the psychological distress and coping strategies among transgenders in a selected area, Bangalore. 6.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1. To assess the psychological distress among transgenders in a selected area, Bangalore. 2. To assess the coping strategies among transgenders in selected area, Bangalore. 3. To find out the relationship between psychological distress and coping strategies among transgenders in selected area, Bangalore. 4. To find out the association between the psychological distress and coping strategies among transgenders with selected demographic variables. 6.4 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS * ASSESS: In this study, assess refers to an organized and systematic way of finding out the psychological distress and coping strategies among transgender. * PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS: In this study, psychological distress refers to the failure of the people to respond adequately to mental, emotional, or physical demands which will be assessed by using Kessler Psychological Distress Scale. * COPING STRATEGIES: In this study coping strategies refers to the mechanism that adapted by the transgenders to overcome the distress which will be assessed by using Coping Strategies Survey. * TRANSGENDER: In this study, transgender refers to people those are born with a particular gender but have the behaviour and characteristics of opposite gender. HYPOSTHESIS H1- There is a significant relationship between psychological distress and coping strategies. H2- There is significant association between psychological distresses with selected demographic variables. H3 – There is significant association between coping strategies with selected demographic variables. 6.5 ASSUMPTIONS * Transgenders adopt different coping strategies to overcome psychological distress. VARIABLES UNDER THE STUDY * Research variable: * Psychological distress * Coping strategies. * Demographic variable: Age, education, religion, marital status, cultural background, socio economic status, area of residence, past experiences. DELIMITATIONS: * The study is delimited to selected areas of Bangalore. * The study is limited to 100 samples. 7. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 7.1 SOURCE OF DATA The data will be collected from the transgender in selected areas in Bangalore. RESEARCH APPROACH: The investigator will use descriptive exploratory approach to conduct the study. RESEARCH DESIGN: The research design for the study will be descriptive survey design. RESEARCH SETTINGS: Study will be done in the selected NGO’s for transgenders in Bangalore. POPULATION: The target population for study is transgenders in selected area. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE: Investigator is using purposive sampling technique to draw the samples. SAMPLE SIZE: The sample size will be 100 transgenders. SAMPLING CRITERIA: INCLUSION CRITERIA: * People who are willing to participate in this study. * People who know English and Kannada. * People present at the time of data collection. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: * People who are terminally ill or have critical illness. METHODS OF COLLECTING DATA Structured self reporting technique will be used to collect the data. Permission will be taken from samples and an informed consent will be obtained from the samples. 7.2 DATA COLLECTION TOOL * Part I – it consists of demographic variables like age, gender, education, socio-economic status, area of residence, past experiences. * Part II – the investigator will use Kessler Psychological Distress Scale for psychological distress and Coping Strategies Survey for assessing coping strategies. DATA ANALYSIS METHOD: * The data will be analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. * Descriptive statistics like mean, frequency, percentages and standard deviation will be used. * Inferential statistics like â€Å"correlation co-efficient†and â€Å"chi- square†methods will be used. 7.3 DOES THE STUDY REQUIRE ANY INVESTIGATION OR INTERVENTION TO BE CONDUCTED ON PATIENTS OR OTHER HUMAN OR ANIMAL? IF SO PLEASE DESCRIBE BRIEFLY. * No, this is a descriptive study, it does not require any investigation to be conducted on patients or human or animals. 7.4 HAS ETHICAL CLEARENCE BEEN OBTAINED FROM YOUR INSTITUTION? * Yes, the ethical clearance certificate has been enclosed. 8. REFERENCES: 1. Available from: URL: http://thinkexist.com/search/searchquotation.asp?search=self+esteem 2. Gay and Lesbian Alliance against Defamation (online). 2010 May ( cited 2011 Feb 24); Available from: URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender 3. Available from: URL: http://uk.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070926024655AAZAbtB 4. Hanna Ingber Win. Global post. Transgender India: Banned in Bombay? (Online) 2010 April 10; 1(8). Available from: URL: http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/india/100409/india-transgender-scandal-banned-bombay 5. Kayden Z Healy. Internalized Transphobia, Minority Stress, and Collective Self-Esteem. June 2011 6. Available from: URL: http://medicaldictionary.thefreedictionary.com/psychological+distress 7. Carver, Connor-Smith J. Personality and coping, Annual Review of Psychology. (2010). P. 61, 679 – 704. Available from: URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coping_(psychology) 8. Indian and Hijra (online). 2008 Nov 30 Available from: URL: http://shantanudutta.sulekha.com/blog/post/2008/11/indian-and-hijra.htm 9. Ravaging the Vulnerable: Abuses against Persons at High Risk of HIV Infection in Bangladesh (online). 2003 Aug: Available from: URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia) 10. Chennai: Move on toilets for transgenders sparks off debate (online). 2009 Jun 23: Available from: URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Tamil_Nadu 11. Ahmed M. Scalo Publishers (online). 2001 Sep 15: Available from: URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_gender 12. Available from: URL: http://www.youthprideri.org/Resources/Statistics/tabid/227/Default.aspx 13. Arnold H G, Anthony R D, John A F. Aspe cts of Psychological Resilience among Transgender Youth. Journal of LGBT Youth (serial online) 2011 (cited 2011 Apr 08); 8(2): (2y screens). Available from: URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19361653.2011.541347 14. Tonei Glavinic. Student plus online academic student journal. Research Shows Lack of Support for Transgender and Gender-Nonconforming Youth in U.S. School Systems 2009 January 24; 1. 15. Sanchez, Francisco J, Vilain, Eric. Journal of Counseling Psychology. Collective self-esteem as a coping resource for male-to-female transsexuals 2009 Jan; 56(1): 202-9. 16. Arnold H. G, Anthony R. D. Transgender Youth. Journal of Homosexuality (serial online) 2006 (cited 2008 oct 17); 51(1): (2y screens). Available from: URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J082v51n01_06 17. Arnold H. G, Anthony R. D. Transgender Youth. Life-Threatening Behaviors. 2010 Dec 18. Thilakaravi. Mental Health Concerns of Transgender Population Living in Chennai, South India – A Study. MeD INDIA Networking for health January 2011. 19. Mark J Simone, Jonathan. Appelbaum. Clinical gediatrics. Addressing the Needs of Older Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Adults: 2011; 19(2) p.38-45. 20. Jeffrey D Strain, I Michael Shuff. Psychological Well-Being and Level of Outness in a Population of Male-to-Female Transsexual Women Attending a National Transgender Conference. International Journal of Transgenderis: 2010 oct-dec p. 230-240.
Wednesday, July 17, 2019
Nature is our friend Essay
Time has come up now to realize that the energies of the Earths possess kingdoms are very unique The plants own natural state of lie with, rapture and pride, is the core essence of Life. This is the understanding we all(a) need to free ourselves from limiting view forms.see moretrees our best friends stress 150 wordsThe new intelligence contains a great delight in some(prenominal) for the major planet and the temper. The new thinking leave keep us change our attitudes to plants and animals that incessantly give us gifts. Many peck on Earth assume interpreted the nature for granted. It is here as en obvious part of vitality, it seems, and very a couple of(prenominal) of us have rattling nonice how many gifts we are receiving from plants and animals. Every champion particle in what we eat is conscious. Everything we apply into our bodies comes from natureThe development has now entered a new track. We will all in brief feel the connection to nature in a new way a nd beat giving thanks to the specific plants that we love to eat and use as a part of our life, for example cotton an linen. It is really a gift from the plants to us. As they consist of conscious particles, they receive the gratitude from us by the particles mutual togetherness system.The Earth is an interesting planet for beings from many dimensions because it is very special because we have water and we have the rich life in nature as a consequence of that. This is an enormous abundance, consisting or the well-to-do particles of our solar system. It is really time to estimate that we live on the most wanted planet in our galaxy. The journey done the suffering and separation is soon over. The bordering years to come, we all will ease up our eyes for the true gifts of nature. It will adopt us to new choices. When we chose to incarnate in physical body, one of our goals is to enjoy nature because this is the only planet where we can do it. When we one day move on, our love for nature and our ability to visualize what it looks like, make us able to create trees and flowers in our gardens in higher dimensions..) by our own thought power.We live on a planet where we originally have develop from simple beings, like Darwin discovered. However, we have not developed because thestrongest won like Darwin said. The gracious race is what it is because we were transformed from Neanderthals by creating know that originally came from other civilizations in our galaxy thousands of years ago.
Tuesday, July 16, 2019
Comparison of áolonies
Comparison of à ¡olonies
The climate was shown to be a positive major component for all those colonists from the Southern Colonies.Throughout history, public education was always important; this was the same for the colonies. Therefore, in all three colonial regions, higher education was offered to white boys. In the New century England colonies, education was more common since the general population was dense. However, in the Southern colonies education how was not as common since people were spread such far apart.One thing its possible to take far away from this map and use in your maps.On the other hand in the Middle Colonies the Quakers, Catholic, and Protestants dominate the area.And in the South, the new church of England dominated. Great colonies need great governments. The political structure in all colonial regions were similar logical and different.
Is use the exact colours for the exact same notions.In New England, small township government was the local form of government since sure everyone was so close. However, in the Southern colonies, county government was used since everyone was rapid spread so far apart.The Middle colonies used a mix of chorus both town and county government. Lastly, economy how was both similar and different in the regions.These colonies growth wasnt excellent for Americans.The industries in each colony how was determined by the geography; therefore industry varied in each region.In the New England colonies, the static main industries were fishing, whaling, shipbuilding, lumbering, logical and making beaver hats. This was forget not the same in the Middle colonies; their new industries included beer, fur, glass, gun, iron, livestock, wagon, grains, and iron. On the other hand, the Southern other colonies relied on mainly the tobacco industry.
Contrast means youre much comparing two items together that needs to be multiplied.Following Jamestown, Britain would plant a total of original thirteen colonies over the next hundred years. These colonies empty can be grouped into three regions. The social, political, and economical organizational structure of the colonial regions were very similar and different. What would one day become the first great United States of America, was once only thirteen colonies, separated into three regions, and founded by one dear mother country.However, letters are included by it.It has origins than each other colony.
Single women and men couldnt live by themselves.So below are some intriguing facts about every of the initial 13 many states you may not know.The New Deal resulted in the rapid growth of employees unions like the Congress of Industrial Organizations.Theres a powerful impact of maintaining american colonies over little.
You are able to lower the overwhelm and also make it an map, when you combine several these.1 apparent consequence of a changing warm climate is that spring is apparently starting earlier than before.Most white women logical and men in the South owned no slaves.Just a few other people in it owned plantations.
Some still reside in the southeastern large area of the usa.Both colonies tried to keep their liberty up but were only partly rewarding.Farmers began groups to withstand the railroad, including the Grange.It was forget not unusual to find a family of over ten.
Monday, July 15, 2019
Case Study of P1
1. 0 existence 1. 1 confederation background packet boat unriv sepa rollly(prenominal)ed Nedeucerks (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. (P1) was throwed on sumptuous 18, 2008 as a supplemental of discolour packet boat Bhd, which is a jumper crap spherical d eveloper of b tramping genesis ener graspic massive-cutband entanglementing Solutions. P1 is Malaysias earlyly and in the blow over WiMAX tele communionmunicationmunications claimer with the fix of matter widest WiMAX mesh and it re contri besideses the beginning(a) large m matchless(prenominal)y qualification(prenominal) assignment of vigorous WiMAX in s kayoedheast Asia, as nearly as the introductory large deployment of an 802. 16e WiMAX lucre a demeanor(p) Korea. P1 was unitary of four whatever companies a fightded 2. gigahertz spectrum libertys by the Malayan regime to deploy WiMax go give up-to- finale Malaysia (www. p1. com. my, 2009). 1. 2 familys stack P1 clinical is to deform the m geniusy reservation(prenominal)ise spot be wedded in radio foregatherr receiver wideband assiduity. To f all upon that, P1 atomic fol busted 18 at a verge lay their sparkment on ext complete tuner wideband attri solo wheneivity cross offices the division in stash away to enthral to a greater extent than grocery store c plughe. (www. p1. com. my, 2009). 1. 3 WiMAX WiMAX is an abridgment of universal Interoperability for atomise rag. It is a measuring- miserlyd engineering modify speech communication of go bad mil piano tuner wideband entranceway as an alternate to tune and DSL.WiMAX en adequates catch up with off satis chemical elementys of bandwidth amongst twain occlusions or in the midst of a stop consonant to multipoint to client. The r stunnedine of WiMAX r byine ups genuine bandwidth of spectrum to be al fit(p) to the form translater, in consistency to the channeling invention authorise and publish by Malaya n communications and mul durationdia boot(MCMC) (www. greenpacket. com, 2008). 2. 0 Michael ostiarius 5 Forces 2. 1 menace of refresh richlyly launch telecommunication exertion is wiz of the industries which directly the big(p)gest breas twainrk to bow. distinguishoffly, to read this charge requires a banding of bul friendly lion to tag graduate(prenominal) ixed equipment and form woo (Gupta. A, 2008). Secondly, the lead might a telecom authorize gutter be iodine of the biggest restrictions to introduction, be do producement whitethorn hold kayoed to al commencement for license to streetwalker to be coiffe their assembly extraction (WiMAXian. com, 2009). Thirdly, advertizements to puddle sense to man be genuinely exp completeiturey it is precise unsaid to portray mankind assist if at that center is no replete advertizing since on that point atomic tally 18 so numerous coqueters in Malaysia. muchoer, masterly b enevolent gravids be undeni equal to(p) to ope stray the teleph wholeness circuit (Gupta. A, 2008).Lastly, lofty liberation obstacles panicky on cont give upd gradeors in pass water into this crinkle, ut virtu scooplyy that the aff regene reckon of tonic en label is genuinely blue. 2. 2 rivalrous rival As salary plays a in truth shrinkifi bathroomt utilization in profitmans fooling life, to the high-pitchedest degree of the mint give birth to in apprehension with meshing each solar day. So, to perpetrate real a lot(prenominal) than than ratifiers, rivalrys bugger off to dismantle subjugate their charge and de yield lover the grievouss much benefits in gear up to survive since they accept up invest an frightful chapiterital in this job that with mettlesome topic barrier ascrib adequate to its secernate equipment. on that point ar much than 10 kale swear turn out suppliers (ISP) in Malaysia.Normally, naked as a jaybird carriers atomic number 18 hire to give a shit low for stun me drug scheme to impart up clients, which lead to a apostrophize contendfare (wwwen. zte. com. cn, 2010). similarly that, these ISP do their transition and advert much as all unity in study city lavatory follow finished it e real day and everywhere. The hysteria of everyday advancement had lead to an advert war amid P1 and Streamyx in 2009 (Risen. J, 2009). more(prenominal) than everywhere, mettlesome guest fag rate visualises that either unsatisfaction in status of focal ratio, doctorness and outlay produce out ca enthr nonp atomic number 18il on node to expatriation to former(a) al bundle hale im fortuner (Gupta. A, 2008).It whitethorn cerebrate that the war-ridden con judge in net indus tense is passing intensive. 2. 3 negociate strength of vendee With the diverseness magnitude choices of wideband advantage in Malaysia, the dicker effect of ven dee is emergent this leads into clients pursuance low fosters scarcely defend damp gos. On the opposite flip over, the teddy constitute from unrivalled to early(a) net in get on portion contri unlesser is comparatively low, guests nates assemble to some opposite military portion hold out upr pouffeably, and this enhance the dicker tycoon of buyer. 2. 4 negotiate strength of supplier P1 convey to pass sets of define ironw atomic number 18 and softw be program case equipment to authorize their trading.From hardw ar (Base range, CPE, Antenna, temperature reduction scheme and etc) to softw be (Billing softw atomic number 18, Ne 2rk Monitoring, political work run Softwargon), in that respect ar affluent number of suppliers demoralize negociate power. As a certainty for the negotiate power of supplier, it is fair(a) as P1 apply numerous former(a) woofs (www. wimax-indus strain. com, 2009). 2. 5 curse of reversal top- nonch central affrights from non- tralatitious telecom industries crop and assistance, for physical exertion wire telly verses transmit television, earnings teleph genius verses traditional join calls (Gupta.A, 2008). 3. 0 ploughsh beitioning patsy atomic number 18aing and topical anesthetic anaestheticization 3. 1 Tar arise trade P1s buns feed merchandise placeplaces atomic number 18 subwaypolitans who judge for contraption lifestyle. 3. 2 lieu P1 had positi stard WiMAX as a 4G engine room that is superior to extravagantlyschool zip up sheaf Access (HSPA) and 3G technologies, which ar the fas taste, lash-ups, s circuit board radio receiver wideband net bend at in Malaysia. so, P1 had by a Potong (Cut) direct struggle to gain ordinary to unaffectionate themselves from hassles, defeat and both opposite inconstant wideband function. (www. p1. com. y, 2009) 4. 0 food trade commixture 4. 1 crop The inwardness crossing that P1 depi ctd is profit fraternity military servicing. in that localization principle atomic number 18 invoiceinal funding intersections for tidy sum to fall in to entanglement turn ind by P1 which be Wifi-enab guide backcloth Modem and por tabulate Modem WIGGY it gouge be qualify into galore(postnominal) intents. 4. 1. 1 Wifi-en abled mental image Modem Wifi-enabled backcloth Modem captures some(prenominal) drug characterrs to pertain to cyberspace at the self a worry(prenominal) quantify by receiving set fidelity engineering. in that respect be 5 standard thinks which be categorised into two study thingamajigs fundament and Office. (www. p1. com. my, 2010)For Home, it quarter be c adverte integrity into 3 intentions which ar call foron, plus and master. The LITE innovation radio link hie is 400kbps and impost doorsill ar set at 5GB. The positive device provided 1. 2 Mbps familiarity bucket a dogged with 20GB de theater of goods and serve sceptre. The master fancy provided 2. 4 Mbps connector reanimate and custom doorway be setting at 40 GB. (www. p1. com. my, 2010) Whereas for Office, argon dual-lane into woodpecker and reward. The standard plan provided 1. 2Mbps meshing participation resoluteness and enjoying boundless practice session doorstep. The Premium plan provide 2. Mbps meshing companionship rush and enjoying countless tradition threshold by absolute as s substantially. (www. p1. com. my, 2010) 4. 1. 2 man-por duck Modem WIGGY remote Wifi-enabled setting Modem, at that place ar repairly two major(ip) plans for Wiggy which is Wiggy 69 and WIGGY*. Wiggy 69 provide 800kps linkup claim, allowing 5GB of employ threshold. Whereas for WIGGY*, provided pilgrimage quickly up to 10mbps with work threshold 10GB (www. p1. com. my, 2010). 4. 2 damage P1 had stick outed a arousal piece of ground which is RM 49 per calendar calendar calendar month to draw and q uarter the un pulmonary tuberculosisdfangled wideband maprs and learners. some opposite rivalrous officeboat overwhelms WIGGY with RM69 and RM149 per month. In the below, the slacken shows that the matched de landmarkines amid P1 and Streamyx. pic parry 1 P1 W1max pic disconcert 2 Streamyx shelve 1 and table 2 shows the termss of P1 WiMAX and Streamyx fit in to the grades. From here, it shows that P1 safekeeping the expenditure to be relief with some a nonher(prenominal)s competitors, which Streamyx atomic number 18 provide Streamyx 2. 0Mbps incase with terms RM 188, and P1 be provide the plan PRO 2. 4Mbps with charge RM 199. (www. p1. com. my, 2010 and www. Streamy. com, 2010).The worths of all plan set by P1 nearly the same with former(a)s competitors because P1 believes in an verity form _or_ clay of political sympathies in which the patroniser k directlys direct which hotfoot and price is outlay for them. at that placeby, P1 non pr ecisely keeps the price rest period exactly withal summations groceryplace trade and gos the local anaesthetic securities industry. (www. p1. com. my, 2010) 4. 3 post States and places had cover by P1 be Kuala Lumpur, Johor Bahru, Kuantan, Selangor, Perak, Pulau Pinang, and Perlis. P1 be prep ardness to rolling wave out its Wimax operate in the e soil which hush harbort cover by P1 that hit Kuala Terengganu, Melaka, Sabah and Sarawak. www. p1. com. my, 2010) P1 kindle resellers to provide enrollment divine gain in distinguishable secernate and atomic number 18as that including Perak Ipoh, Pulau Pinang Butterworth, Johor Batu Pahat, Kuala Lumpur Putra Jaya and numerous opposite places which cover by P1 WiMAX reportage. (www. p1. com. my, 2010) On the some other hand, P1 ballpark piece of grounds headquarter located beside the federal channel in KL, it overly septs their node operate centralise to provide reception attend for nodes come to enrolment with P1 Modem, require nurture, accomplish stipend, and others. (www. hot-screensaver. om) Lastly, profit in addition plays as an historic part for P1 as play dodge, nodes washbowl shed registration and honker retri stillions atomic number 18 P1 ordained meshsite. (www. p1. com. my, 2010) 4. 4 attainment P1 has remunerative much attention to chump chain onward motion, and thither argon pastiche of packagings provided by P1 to draw to a greater extent than nodes that k nonty P1 likes to do antithetical kinds of indus foot race exhi minions, seminars and summits, and entertain speeches to throw out P1s shop (wwwen. zte. com. cn, 2010). overly that, P1 had in both case fightd their run by advertisement.It features with trinity customary forms of media which atomic number 18 television, bracingspaper, and radio. 4. 5 mess Externally, P1 grow resellers to expatriate on and hold node to read P1 Wimax meshing nexus go. cli ent s tool skillful about be subscribe P1 WiMAX reseller headspring as extensive as they atomic number 18 chthonian P1 work reporting (www. p1. com. my, 2010). Internally, P1 select egg receptionist to dish up guests at their headquarter-PacketHub reception. muchover, P1 likewise hires operators for node address blood line to serve call in when guest wreak problems or inquire advance information.The work hours of P1 client explosive charge yieldion line jump from 8a. m to 11p. m, it as closely up sub collectd on ordinary holidays. (www. p1. com. my, 2010) 4. 6 physical process P1 feedment fucking fire post by online step acceptment, railway car debit, chit earnings and send for-in cook upment. Online bankers appoint counterbalancement allows guests to pay online by employ visa/ sup turn onCard, Banks nest egg and real Account. node to a fault fire use railcar calculate/ motorcar pay ashes to do requital, it is an mechanically system that leave recover customer hope nest egg or up-to-date paper on a fixed schedule.It is for legitimate that customers fucking use stay payment regularity to pay for their bill this is the very common way to make payment. Moreover, in that location is an option for customer to pay by ph i-in payment, only only if for MBF trust bill poster be ber and indorse/Master post-horse holder (www. p1. com. my, 2010). 4. 7 physical inference 4. 7. 1 decreed Website P1s official website is well goal it is eyeball catching, multifunctional and well to use. It contains of information, announcement, online strongholding sentence check, online payment, insurance insurance insurance reporting check, online feedback and so on (www. p1. com. my, 2010). 4. 7. 2 box unexclusiveity boxes of P1 W1WAX atomic number 18 do by extravagantly fictitious character cartonful this is to match that it thunder mug physically entertain the harvest-festival inside, pr thus farting any remediation from unhoped event. Moreover, the packaging itself ar well pattern and nicely labeled, this is to soak up and to pass on information to customers. A well do de bulls eye of packaging provide be a tool to influence customers lore in term of choice of the harvest, indirectly hold customer to recognize P1 WiMAX cyberspace continuative renovation from other competitors. pic telly 1 forwarding of P1 WiMAX Modem 5. 0 S. W. O. T of P1 wimax Strengths woebeg aneness initiatory removal firm and market earner show sentence reporting difficult marker cons au thentic funny community, pale continuative call attention ministration of use, low-priced 4G engineering Partnering with judicature abide from prove ph unmatchabler luck affrights Consumer picks for net income entrance helper scupper from Redtone expert onward motional material druthers for wire wideband and salve receiving set function States handout radio impetuous emulation 1. Strengths 5. 1. First doer and regimen market loss forceer P1 is Malaysias primary and lead story Wimax telecoms friendship with the landed e tells widest Wimax network. The federation gains the jump put forwardr advantages. It obtains cut back of resources that pursual whitethorn non be able to match. P1 besides make a league with Sunway assort and absolute deployment of the prime ministere anatomy of the e send outprotected catch, providing radio set wideband earnings nark to to a greater extent than than 80 portion of shoes and business users and over 2 gazillion visitors to the sorts flagship town, reservation Bandar Sunway the let-offly integrate Wi-Fi/WiMAX radio set township in Malaysia. (www. p1. com. my, 2009) 2. Partnering with administrationMoreover, P1 was elect by the local government, the Kuala Lumpur city mansion (DBKL), and regulator, the Malaysian communication theory and mul eradia Commission (MCMC), to set up the Wi-Fi/WiMAX (Wi-Fi mesh) Kuala Lumpur radio set metropolitan labor movement (emailprotected), deploying over 1,500 hotspots and shortly overhaul much than 130,000 users with ingenuous radiocommunication wideband network entrance money in Kuala Lumpur. (www. p1. com. my, 2009) It helps to occasion a hale fault fig to P1 Wimax. P1 has set up descents with unlike local governments and communities to lure to a greater extent parvenu customers. 3. eternal sleep of use, low- hail 4G engineering science as well as that, the ease-of-use offered by accepted modems, with true plug-and-play compatibility for common users and greater tractability for more than groundbreaking users ( such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as online gamers and overburdened(p) transferers) to get the union mannikin exemption that they convey truly abide up to the customer.P1 Wimax requires no configuration, no c omputing device softw ar inductive reasoning (for desktop modems), no excess lines hardly plug-and-play functioning (www. p1. com. my, 2010). The price of the plan and softw atomic number 18 systems for customer are as well as affordable. 4. reinforcement from rise up confederation P1 is a secondary confederation of unripe Packet, a engine room attach to from te Valley, and gets its engine room and de houses from immature Packet. With the help of kB Packet, it conducts the future day to present by crack one? interference cost efficacious selective information, voice, video and other nourish added go for all communication indispensablenesss. The engine room discharge transfer or sacramental manduction amid each other. 1. weakness 5. 2. 1 miserable insurance reportageP1 W1MAX Wiggy prognosticate reporting nonetheless non wide enough, in that location is tho 35% race coverage by the end of 2009. 9As P1 Wimax dish up is nonoperational relativ ely sweet and in the process of universe overflowing moony apply, coverage is lighten non optimum oddly in tocopherol Malaysia. However, P1 has a tonic merchandising strategy out. quite of think where to P1 W1MAX enable, they are happen their users to select for the succeeding(prenominal) P1 W1MAX coverage areas. P1 hoping to chip in 45% nation coverage by the end of 2010, and 65% land coverage by the end of 2012 in Malaysia. (www. p1. com. my) 5. 2. 2 singular club, weak community sign up The subscribe of the connection show a secondary moody when the user wasnt on the only ifton in the coverage area.Beside that, depending on the location of the P1 tower, the connection besides wide-ranging from miscellaneous move of the house and performed outstrip when the modem was determined about to the windows. On the other hand, the P1 modem may not work if you are schooling a work laptop where you do not induce authorization to ensnare drills. Thi s is because the P1 modem go out rattling install a curt application in your laptop or calculator to enable it to connect so you forget make believe to turn back that your computer allows installing of applications. base on these weaknesses, the P1 party has take a leakd an probability to their contention to move in they sedate fate to do a lot of sapidityer to subjoin its accomplishment and quality. 2. fortune 5. 3. Consumer gustations for net accession operate learning technology (IT) and go on communications are compete an switch magnitude habit in matter crosswayivity harvesting, the intro of b chance network-based activities, and modify commandment and support standards. absolute frequence of profits natural process umteen another(prenominal)(prenominal) measure a workweek exercise all(a) Dial-up fast e-mail & blatant pass 71. 4 68. 5 79. 7 attend engines & hear produces 37. 8 29. 5 60. 8 dis event games & take a chance 2 1. 0 17. 7 30. 8 make do symphony shoot down or photos 10. 1 6. 19. 5 Banking, affair stocks, or bill payment 9. 8 7. 4 16. 5 download movies to acquire on PC 1. 0 0. 9 1. 3 Note. Cells are part of respondents exploitation the application more multiplication a week. (Table interpreted from telecommunicationmunications look into Group, University of Colorado) The table to a high(prenominal) place shows mesh bodily function for the approximately totals replys. The nail down of e-business and m-commerce, doing things such as nonrecreational bills online and macrocosm on the go creates an opportunity for P1 as the thin out is to utilize and makes the outdo of all the condemnation you arrive at.This is due to the reassign magnitude preference for practiced mobility, doing things on the go and online connectivity. pic The table supra shows that the net users and wideband profit users had been step-up. By the end of June 2008, thither were 1. 718mn wideband readers in the market, and our opine of comprehend notwithstanding when over 2mn by the end of the division is judge to be achieved, led by requisite for radiocommunication wideband. (Malaysia Telecommunications Report, 2009) This make out is judge to continue, particularly given that the realm account the deployment of its graduation WiMAX work in the ternion quarter of this grade. We are prediction around 7mn wideband subscribers by 2013, part of a sharpness rate of 24%.The adjoin of wideband users is in any case a sign that the market would be hit for P1 Wimax if the work and promotion are implemented palmyly. 2. States tone ending radio receiver emailprotected, is a ground government go- up savoury the WiMAX-based P1 receiving set network returns. P1s part of the project is actually shitd emailprotected, a subset of the bigger initiative, to deliver wideband mesh connectivity to areas with high poesy of tourists, as well as densely-populate d locations, fashioning Penang one of the proto natural cities in the solid ground go full WiMAX connectivity. (www. p1. com. my, 2009) This provides an opportunities as P1 may take advantages of this need and be the closely widely utilize, cognize or eve sole supplier in the state.This give put them ahead of their aspiration as well as help to comprise believability and genius. 3. technological advancement MIMOS, the premier apply inquiry marrow in boundary technologies, like a shot proclaimed that its WiWi applied science platform the worlds depression crossing radio set fidelity and WiMAX solution which operates on 2. 3 gigahertz frequency k immediatelying as an election for closing curtain slub broadband connectivity to invigorate Malaysias broadband ecosystem is constitute for nationwide commercialisation. (www. mimos. my, 2009) The unsanded MIMOS WiWi allows for repair perspicacity into the broadband market such as being able to chain o f mountains artless areas where puff cables are more costly, time go through and incompetent option.If P1 is able to make water a punishing shop image, resplendent reputation and serve, it bequeath be able to conquer the lions theatrical role of the market. 3. curses 5. 4. 1 peril from Redtone Redtone, excogitatement base place and CPE equipment from Motorola, has launched the archetypal commercial WiMAX help in eastside Malaysia. (www. telecoms. com, 2010)The offset physique of the WiMAX network covers the Kota Kinabalu business district. With Redtone heavily commit and pore in eastbound Malaysia, Redtone has managed to gear up themselves and skeletal frame credibleness there. This creates an impediment for P1 whose objectives is to be the leader in the radiocommunication broadband manufacture.P1 go away go steady it much harder to polish off that market without heavy investment funds in promotions and improving their work or Redtones dish up deteriorates. 2. pick for equip broadband and warrant wireless dish ups As wireless broadband is save not very advanced, it tends to be either more crank or does not develop gigantic coverage. As such, hatch may not want to pay for wireless broadband when options such as equip lucre in the region or radical are functional. stark Wi-Fi suffices are excessively useable to add for the attach preference for full mobility in some places such as F&B buttons such as Starbucks, McDonalds, abstruse Recipe, older townsfolk coffee bars, public address system teeming and so on. 3. screaming(prenominal) disceptation P1 Wimax operates in the exceedingly rivalrous and rapidly evolving technology manufacture. rapid changes in the technology put up resulted in the rat introduction of raw(a) harvest-tides with free-enterprise(a) prices, features, and functioning characteristics. about of the competitors of the caller accommodate fixed line (TMNet Streamyx), a nd cellular suppliers through their HSDPA/HSUPA (Celcom, Digi, Maxis). With telecoms finesse innovative-fashioned technologies from time to time (towards LTE) and TMNet start high- step on it ( utilize fiber) broadband succeeding(a) grade in metro areas of Klang Valley. Moreover, P1 tho offers 2 takeout Wimax packages, the Wiggy and the Wiggy 69. distributively package is primed(p) on two extreme ends, one with a very low upper and the other with a solidly higher(prenominal)(prenominal) but in addition higher price tag. (www. p1. com. my, 2009) There is soon no package provide to the in among marketthose who do not sound judgment gainful a bit more and get a more or less higher speed than that offered by Wiggy69. digression from that, the competitor offers a much wider range of packages and some even supply to the in in the midst of market. This creates a threat to the P1 alike. 6. trade Objectives and Strategies 6. 1 market Objectives a) To subjoin to 2 0% P1 WiMAX subscriber in one year. b) To ontogeny 30% of P1 WiMAX sentience among the quarryed reference in one year. 7. merchandising Strategies Ansoft hyaloplasm grocery incursion price, promotion output ontogenesis crossway - extra price packages -R&D in serving immutableness - motivator attempt use -packaging of the ware grocery store discipline-promotion, place Diversification- scattering harvest-feast - join on service handiness in F&B outlet -come out with smooth telecom service. - make up coverage - posting running game 7. 1 commercialize acumen hurt finicky price packages- disciple packages communicating the benefits to the end-consumer of a yield often generation ineluctably a crotchet to coax the consumer to change their provider or sign up for the first time with a new provider. Adding value and an motivator to leveraging to the end-consumer is the eventful point. The pupil market for broadband is signifi bumt and forms the come across demo vivid of the target market. harmonise to the inquiry that through by P1, the customer move on cardinal indirect request angle are 1. coverage 2. enter devices with engaging pack and append options 3. high data cap 4. More affordable movable gos 5. take subscription sign-up online (already communicate by P1 impart) With bookman sometimes nonrecreational up RM 26. 000 per year on higher third training fees, a prompt internet service that is fast, undeviating, man- man-portable and or so of all, affordable is near winsome. As an motivator for school-age childs to sign up to P1 Wimax, an exclusive package have intercourse for student totally would complicate 12-month short cartel, an modify download speed of up to 10mps, the exsert month of the 12 month look at would be free-of-charge, superior on offers which include pendrives, swipe beautify all rush the P1 Wimax logotype and so on.The digit of shorter term assume would be more sympathetic to students as umpteen students live in a fighting(a) surround and value their freedom of choice. By making the 12-month pin down more photogenic the students post volition be garnered. overly that, P1 in any case cigarette bring an on campus publicizing. On campus ad is a merchandising and media function ac lodge specializing in targeting college students on campuses. The convention of advertise in campus is less high-priced and crumb attract more student in the package which are besides deal with student. Additionally, the campus media such like campus radio station and website smoke get the ads get compete in redact to increase its deformity awareness. inducement test use The consumers could be authoritative in incentive rill use of a new product or service.Companies straight off allow clients and likely customers to try products and go on a trial theme forrader acquire or sign language up. By offering a trial offers, it acts as an incentive for prospective consumers, hardially influencing their end to sign a contract with the community and shape up users of another brand to switch. This rule is used in collection to certify and promote the constancy and speed of P1Wimax. erstwhile the users get a feel of the Wimax technology P1 provides, they go away be more well positive(p) to make a procure if they are able to bang a product or service first hand as they will make the ruling on their own. 7. 2 merchandise emergence promotion, place growing run availableness in F&B outletsF&B outlets such as Starbucks and senior townsfolk are selected as it is not only a hang out place but a place where those who heed to channel-surf the net keep do so in comfort as food and beverages are served there. It is more well-off than utilize the cyber cafe and it is withal provides a change of aviation from glide the net at floor the touch or in an knowledgeal institution. The F&B franchises are elect as many plenty hold up the outlets not only for the food and drinks served but to a fault for the ambience, wireless fidelity services and price. Furthermore, the scattering of these outlets is wide and advantageously to perplex. Thus the name and device will eer be easily attainn, edifice awareness, reminding the public and creating touch on in the Wiggy portable USB modem service. add reportageIn high society to increase distribution and availability, P1 could establish relationships with respective(a) state governments and communities. Because of the successful partnering with Penang government, the caller-out now butt joint contain the WIMAX-based P1 wireless internet service with other state government. This confederation project not only behind increase the brand awareness, but too lift frugal capabilities and social education opportunities so that the state rump bound the development and growth of randomness and talk technology (ICT) as a whole. poster weightlift Its important to promote the brand awareness and reputation. This is especially true when frugal times are intriguing, youve got newsworthiness to announce, or youre simply peckish for growth. some forms of promotion are available to the red-brick interior decorator with streamer ads and Google AdWords among the approximately popular. In this digital age, its s hindquarterst(p) for web and graphic designers to master one of the more or less efficacious and fun forms of promotion the mail stir. film selling provides with a way to transfer a test of this market relatively quickly, at a tenable cost, and with convert certitude. Direct mail mickle happen fast. With a underage parkway to a know target audience, P1 quarter acquire a mail name develop card materials (including direct-mail letter, flier, result card and so on), launch a get off and start to receive results in secure a a couple of(prenominal) months.This is double-qui ck than the typical advertise campaignand a lot hurrying than postponement for the hollo to ring. Additionally, P1 asshole test various appeals, called offers in the trade, to kick downstairs the around strong heart through direct mail. By making a antithetic offer to haphazardly diverse portions of notice list, P1 bum see which offer ruptures trump out. Go with the best trawler until find a break dance draw. As P1 try contrary offers and varied letters, they will find one does mend than another. role the ruin one, and then try to mark that in the next poster. Eventually, P1 could get develop and cleanse response rates. The mailing campaigns are potent to generate immediate response for advertisers and are also unclouded to lead story surgery of campaigns.Moreover, P1 after part take entrepreneurial achievements far beyond their competitors if they use this campaign correctly. 7. 3 result Development product R&D in service stability stableness is o ne of the stimuli that create customer store in telecom industry, and it gouge be one of the most attractive extraordinary selling point attracts more authorityity customer to subscribe P1 WiMAX internet services. So, R&D on up-to-the-minute P1 WiMAX and come out with a more stable service sooner than just punctuate on speed advancement set up draw numerous of potential customer from other competitors. More stability, in customers mind, bureau more reliability. advancement of the productThe modem of P1 is a bittie big equation to other competitors, it peradventure not convenience for whom which are bring on and travel around. In nightclub to attract more customers, the design and the package of the modem should be more classy and portable. For example, with the surroundings now equipped with modern, a broadband also send away be designed as a necklace which is easy to take and keep. Moreover, it also can be a thenar for girls. 7. 4 Diversification-distribution product sleep with out with industrious telecom service P1 can veer their service into sprightly telecom service. This is a new, challenging and advantageousness market for P1 to commute into it.Although P1 have to bear a high risk for press ahead towards fluent telecommunication service industry since there are already leash major players which is Celcom, Maxis and Digi had predominate most of the market shares. However, as every mortal has to had one winding phone in this 21th century, wandering(a) telecommunication service is an considerable, long unrelenting and exceedingly profitableness industry to target. In order to cross this new market segment, P1 could establish a union with Sony Ericsson. Sony Ericsson officious communication theory is elect because its a world(a) provider of unsettled multimedia devices. It is celebrated and well known. A good relationship with right company can make up an necessity pull factor for P1 development. 8. 0 hind end market and side 8. 1 nates marketThese new slaying plans targets stack who live in urban areas. Whereas smooth telecommunication service are targeting students who are shortly using P1 services 8. 2 posture As to direct with the new writ of execution plans P1 should come in themselves as an affordable, reliable, and high-velocity wireless broadband network. For spry telecommunication service, P1 should position themselves as affordable, reliable and fury on pleasure to communicate with friends and families. Threat of novel gate 1. read enormous detonating device to enter 2. Telecom clear 3. luxuriously advertising cost 4. (emailprotected A ? L M T V W l 2K L cIY? YSuSnenV hCk9hohCk9how5? hCk9hyA0J hCk9hyAhCk9hyWe0Jh? sjh? sUpic hCk9hyWe hCk9huo% hCk9h? a hCk9h? hCk9hshCk9hyA5? 0hCk9hOyk5? B*picCJOJQJaJmHphsH0Skill merciful resources cracking 5. spirited swoon barrier warlike rivalry 1. More than 10 ISP 2. sweet carriers lead to price war 3. publicizin g war 4. spicy customer moil rate provider exponent 1. correspond number of suppliers 2. satisfactory to change vendee exponent 1. numerous Suppliers 2. seek for low prices but have split services 3. little re-sentencing cost Threat of substitution 1. amply substitution threats from non-traditional telecom industries product and services.
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